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Standardized assessments are not
the only type of assessment that can conflate issues of language proficiency and content knowledge. Traditional classroom assessments may pose many of the same challenges discussed above: they are highly language dependant in ways that may exceed the current proficiency level of the students; they may give an assessment of language

<b><a xhref="http://www.replicawatcheswiss.com">Best replica watches sale</a></b> proficiency rather than content knowledge; and they may provide cultural connections and contexts that ELLs are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with.

Specialized media, also called "segmented" or "minority" media, are aimed at and limited to a geographically defined audience--New York and California magazines, for example--or are limited by interest, such as Stereo Review or Flying. Specialized media are defined by their special audiences: Ms. Magazine, for instance, is aimed at women with feminist leanings. Such an audience may be relatively small but spread throughout the nation. By contrast, local Cartier Replica media are defined entirely by geography, aimed at an audience located in a particular area. They can be as small as the West Central Minnesota Daily Tribune, directed at those who live in Willmar and the surrounding area, or as large and prestigious as the Philadelphia Inquirer.

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A large portion of this book focuses on what that authors call the "photocutionary act" (p. 41), which is the notion that the act of creating, viewing, or collecting an image is to say something; whether that is
to say that the image is a record of reality or that it reminds one of another event or that it is similar to other images in a set, the very existence of the image (or other visual artifact) means that someone, somewhere, tried to say something. These artifacts whether images, sculptures, or movies are constructed to "motivate, articulate, educate, or felicitate" (p. 43) or to remind us of some visual event. Greisdorf and O'Connor write that "we can see without naming what we see; however, we cannot think about Replica Cartier what we see without characterizing that cognitive experience through language" (p. 45). In image collections, they note, more importance is usually given to words than to the images themselves. It is when we begin to assign words to images that we begin to find difficulty.